Your additional details were helpful. Sometimes though, dogs' body language communication happens (and escalates) so quickly that we humans don't even notice it's happening (hence the people who say their dog bit "with no warning"). It could very well be that your boy noticed the other dog "eyeballing" him on the approach and took offense. Postures are very important in dog communication and they notice it way more than we do... the other dog may have been making direct eye contact (challenge), walking with ears and tail errect and raised a bit in the front end. These can all be interpreted as "I'm bigger and badder than you." Unless they actually make contact and FIGHT this is usually just posturing only (think teenage boys). The fact that he was humping already suggests that he has alot of confidence and may see himself with "alpha male" potential-- humping is not always a breeding behavior, it can also be a dominance display-- that's why you sometimes see a dog try to hump another of the same sex, not because they are confused or stupid. Removal of sex hormones (neutering) can help dominance because it lessens sex drive and one of the rewards of being dominant is that you get to breed-- pretty big reward.
Historically, the American Bulldog was bred for protection and guarding work, and their breed standard calls for a brave dog with heart and grit, so this is a breed that is going to be a bit quicker to take offense to the challenge of another dog. Trainer Ceasar Millan on TV calls these decendants of the Roman Mastiff types (which include the mastiffs, bull terriers, boxers and even little Boston Terriers!) "gladiators", and this is a good way to think of them-- they are the "tough guys" of the dog world. Please understand that I am a professional dog trainer of 25 years and have been working to stop a local ban on "pit-type" breeds-- and our uninformed locals include your breed among them-- so I am trying to let you know what I know based on breed type behavior, not offend you for owning this kind of dog. I have always observed that well-socialized guard breeds usually have among the friendliest of personalities. My best friend breeds Boxers, and I have often observed that they are quicker to take offense from challenging body postures, even from the dogs in thier own pack, than my retrievers and border collies are. Just a different mindset! If you are employed as a police officer or bodyguard, you're going to be a bit more paranoid about who's around you than if you're a shepherd in a remote location!
I would continue to walk him as normal and make sure that you stay VERY calm and confident with him, as though it was a one-time fluke (it probably was). If you tense up and are worried that he will be grouchy again, he will definitely sense that energy from you. He doesn't know why you feel tense and paranoid, but he knows instinctively that those feelings mean trouble for his pack (you) and he will be keyed up to defend you and will be more likely to react aggressively again. If he's a food hound or likes toys, take a pocketful of awesome treats (like cooked chicken) or his favoritest toy ever along. If you see another dog approaching (far away- don't give him the chance to notice it or take offense) start to distract him with the toy or give him treats as you approach and pass the other dog so that it is a positive and stress-free meeting. You can set this up to practice if you have a friend with a low-key friendly dog that your dog already likes.
He shouldn't be hurting almost 2 weeks after his surgery, but check to make sure his incision isn't inflamed or weeping, just to be sure he's not reacting grumpily due to discomfort.